Currently, health systems research is reviewed by the same ethical standards as clinical research, which has recently been argued in the literature to be an inappropriate standard of evaluation. The issues unique to HSR warrant a different review by research ethics committees, as it does not impose the same risks to study participants as other types of clinical or public health research. However, there are limited tools and supporting documents that clarify the ethical considerations. Therefore, there is a need for (...) additional reflection around ethical review of HSR and their consideration by RECs. The purpose of this paper is to review, understand, and synthesize the current state of literature and practice to inform these deliberations and the larger discourse on ethics review guidelines for HSR. This paper presents a review of the literature on ethics of HSR in the biomedical, public health, and implementation research to identify ethical considerations specific to HSR; and to identify examples of commonly available guidance and/or tools for the ethical review of HSR studies. Fifteen articles were identified on HSR ethics issues, and forty-two international academic institutions were contacted, no institution had special ethical guidelines for reviewing HSR) about their HSR ethics review guidelines. There appears to be a clear gap in the current health research ethics discourse around health systems research ethics. This review serves as a first step towards a larger dialogue on the topic. (shrink)

The necessity of having effective and socially sound networks is trivial. It is clear that information technology is now a necessary tool that has well understood advantages. The same technology carries negative side-effects. It is our social and ethical duty to examine the possibly negative side effects of IT, especially as IT becomes prevalent in a conservative society such as Kuwait. In our research Kuwait forms a case study as we try to understand what ethical theories underlie the attitude toward (...) one problematic aspect of IT, online pornography, in Muslim/Arab societies. In this paper we review several ethical theories and then present the results of experimental research aimed at determining the concepts that underlie the Kuwaiti response to pornography online. (shrink)

Given that health systems research involves different aims, approaches, and methodologies as compared to more traditional clinical trials, the ethical issues present in HSR may be unique or particularly nuanced. This article outlines eight pertinent ethical issues that are particularly salient in HSR and argues that the ethical review process should be better tailored to ensure more efficient and appropriate oversight of HSR with adequate human protections, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The eight ethical areas we discuss include the (...) nature of intervention, types of research subjects, units of intervention and observation, informed consent, controls and comparisons, risk assessment, inclusion of vulnerable groups, and benefits of research. HSR involving human participants is necessary to ensure health systems strengthening and quality of care and to guide public policy intelligently. Health systems researchers must carefully define their intent and goals and openly clarify the values that may influence the premises and design of protocols. As new types of population-level research activities become more commonplace, it is critical that institutional review board and research ethics committee review processes evolve to evaluate these research protocols in ways that address the nuanced features of these studies. (shrink)

The idea for an Internet of Things has matured since its inception as a concept in 1999. People today speak openly of a Web of Things and People, and even more broadly of an Internet of Everything. As our relationships become more and more complex and enmeshed, through the use of advanced technologies, we have pondered on ways to simplify flows of communications, to collect meaningful data, and use them to make timely decisions with respect to optimisation and efficiency. At (...) their core, these flows of communications are pathways to registers of interaction, and tell the intricate story of outputs at various units of analysis- things, vehicles, animals, people, organisations, industries, even governments. In this trend toward evidence-based enquiry, data is the enabling force driving the growth of IoT infrastructure. This paper uses the case of location-based services, which are integral to IoT approaches, to demonstrate that new technologies are complex in their effects on society. Fundamental to IoT is the spatial element, and through this capability, the tracking and monitoring of everything, from the smallest nut and bolt, to the largest shipping liner to the mapping of planet earth, and from the whereabouts of the minor to that of the prime minister. How this information is stored, who has access, and what they will do with it, is arguable depending on the stated answers. In this case study of location-based services we concentrate on control and trust, two overarching themes that have been very much neglected, and use the outcomes of this research to inform the development of a socio-ethical conceptual framework that can be applied to minimise the unintended negative consequences of advanced technologies. We posit it is not enough to claim objectivity through information ethics approaches alone, and present instead a socio-ethical impact framework. Sociality therefore binds together that higher ideal of praxis where the living thing is the central and most valued actor of a system. (shrink)

The Holy Qur’an relates believers’ pure emotions to brotherhood. From the perspective of Islam, it has been also affirmed that two people have the same thoughts and opinions in one centre point of love in brotherhood, so fraternal feelings are not merely limited to kinship and consanguinity. In this line, the Holy Qur’an states that we have come to make you brothers with each other; not a brotherhood from parents, but an Islamic one, which is highly appreciated in the Islamic (...) society. In addition, a believing brother can never be filled when his fellow believer is hungry, and he cannot be clothed while the other is with nothing on. Islam further considers all Muslims as one family and calls everyone brothers and sisters or siblings. The true Muslims of any race and tribe as well as any language and age thus have a deep sense of brotherhood with each other, even if one lives in the Eastern parts of the world and the other in the West. In sum, this article aimed to investigate the role of religious teachings in strengthening believers’ brotherhood in the Islamic society. For this purpose, firstly, the definition of religious brotherhood was provided; secondly, religious brotherhood has been described based on the Holy Qur’an.Contribution: This article helped gain a new insight into the role of Islamic teachings in strengthening religious brotherhood in the Islamic society. Besides, the indicators of religious brotherhood were extracted and then enlightened according to the Ayat (viz. verses) from the Holy Qur’an. (shrink)

The present study examined effects of sociodemographic, risk, and resilience factors on marital, parental, and financial stress early in the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 480 married Palestinians living in Israel, using self-report questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations were computed. Then, hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to predict each of the three stress measures. Finally, dominance analyses were conducted to compare the contributions of sociodemographic, risk, and resilience factors. The results showed considerable differences between (...) predictors of marital and parental stress and predictors of financial stress. For marital and parental stress, resilience factors mainly family resilience were the strongest predictors, followed by risk factors and then sociodemographic characteristics. For financial stress, risk factors were the strongest predictors, followed by sociodemographic characteristics and resilience factors. These results suggest that family and individual resilience reduce marital and parental stress under difficult conditions, including the COVID-19 pandemic. Though resilience has been found to ameliorate financial stress to some extent, it appears that other measures are required to manage stress related to financial difficulties. (shrink)

Construction cost estimation is one of the essential processes in construction management. Project cost is a complex engineering problem due to various factors affecting the construction industry. Accurate cost estimation is important in construction management and significantly impacts project performance. Artificial intelligence models have been effectively implemented in construction management studies in recent years owing to their capability to deal with complex problems. In this research, extreme gradient boosting is developed as an advanced input selector algorithm and coupled with three (...) AI models, including random forest, artificial neural network, and support vector machine for cost estimation. Datasets were gathered based on a survey conducted on 90 building projects in Iraq. Statistical indicators and graphical methods were used to evaluate the developed models. Several input predictors were used, and XGBoost highlighted inflation as the most crucial parameter. The results indicated that the best prediction was attained by XGBoost-RF using six input parameters, with r-squared and the mean absolute percentage error equal to 0.87 and 0.25, respectively. The comparison results revealed that all AI models showed good prediction performance when applied to datasets affected by more than two parameters. The outcomes of this research revealed an optimistic strategy that can help decision makers select the influencing parameters in the early phases of project management. Also, developing a prediction model with high precision results can assist the project’s estimators in decreasing the errors in the cost estimation process. (shrink)

Language and languages; linguistics; Arabic language; sufism.

With the advancement of internet and the emergence of network globalization, security has always been a major concern. During the trial operation, the management control platform discussed in this article included more than 600 network security vulnerabilities in the industry, with dozens of incidents, which were promptly dealt with and rectified, effectively improving the level of network security management and protection in the industry. As networks are very much vulnerable to denial of service attacks, much more emphasis has been given (...) to security. By improving their network security, network administrators have often tried their best. To attempt penetration testing, it is the best way of ensuring the system security. With the development of information technology, the security requirement of information system is increasing day by day. The use of penetration testing technology is conducive to the realization of accurate positioning, accurate detection, and active alarm of security vulnerabilities, and the optimization of monitoring and rectification of the combination of network security management control system. Taking penetration testing technology as one of the core elements of management and control, the risk index model is optimized to make network security management controllable and efficient, and effectively achieve management and control objectives. (shrink)

Clark1880, WGS1984, and ITRF08 are the reference systems used in Iraq. The ITRF08 and WGS84 represent the global reference frames. In the majority of instances, the transformation from one coordinate system to another is required. The ability of the artificial neural network to identify the connection between two coordinate systems without the need for a mathematical model is one of its most significant benefits. In this study, an ANN was employed for two-dimensional coordinate transformation from local Clark1880 to the global (...) reference system ITRF08. To accomplish so, 68 stations with known coordinates in both systems were utilized in this research and were split into two groups: the first set of data was used as the training data and the second set of data was used as the validation data. A root-mean-square error was used to examine the performance of each transformation. The results showed that the RMSE using the ANN was 0.08 m in the east and 0.17 m in the north. The results indicated that the ANN can be used for 2D coordinate transformation with the results that are better than those of the authorized techniques such as 2D conformal transformation and 2D conformal least square. (shrink)

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm, -1641. Asfār al-arbaʻah fī al-ḥikmah. ; Islamic philosophy -- Iran.

al-juzʼ al-awwal. rubʻ al-ʻibādāt wa-rubʻ al-ʻādāt wa-yashtamil ʻalá al-manhaj, al-ʻaqāʼid, al-ʻibādāt, al-muʻāmālāt, al-ādāb-- al-juzʼ al-thānī.

Çalışmada İslam tefsir geleneğinin erken dönem müfessirlerinden biri olan Mâtürîdî’nin (ö.333/944) İbn Abbas (ö. 68/687-688) rivayetlerine yaklaşımı incelenmektedir. Bilindiği üzere onun kaleme aldığı Te’vîlâtü’l-Kur’an, dirayet ağırlıklıdır. Ancak eserdeki dirayet içerikli yorumları rivayetten yoksun değildir. Zira tefsirinde az da olsa Hz. Peygambere isnad edilen rivayetlere, bolca sahabe ve tabiine ait rivayetlere rastlanır. Sahabe nesli içerisinde tefsirde ilk sırada yer alan İbn Abbas, Te’vîlâtü’l-Kur’an’da da rivayet sayısı bakımından ilk sırayı korumaktadır. Tespitimize göre bu eserde İbn Abbas’a ait 579 rivayet (...) vardır. Bu sayıyla İbn Abbas Te’vîlâtü’l-Kur’an’da sahabe arasında ilk sırada yer almaktadır. Bu eserde İbn Abbas’ın önemi aslında rivayet bakımından ilk sırada yer almasıyla ilgili değildir. Mâtürîdî’ye göre genelde sahabenin, özelde İbn Abbas’ın tefsirde ayrı bir önemi vardır. Zira o, tefsiri sahabeye özgü bir alan olarak görmektedir. Bilindiği üzere Mâtürîdî, tefsir te’vil ayrımı yapmakta, tefsirin sahabeye te’vilin ise alimlere ait olduğunu söylemektedir. Onun bu yaklaşımı çalışmada Te’vîlâtü’l-Kur’an’daki İbn Abbas’a ait 579 rivayet üzerinden incelenmektedir. Çalışma iki kısımdan oluşmaktadır. İlk kısımda Mâtürîdî tefsirindeki İbn Abbas rivayetleri biçim ve içerik açısından tanıtılmaktadır. Rivayetlerin uzun veya kısa oluşu, ayet içerip içermemesi, İbn Abbas’ın senedde her zaman sözün sahibi değil, Hz. Peygamberin sözünü aktaran biri olarak yer alması ona ait rivayetlerin biçimsel yönü olarak görülebilir. Rivayetlerin Te’vîlâtü’l-Kur’an’daki görünümü de bu bağlamda ele alınabilir. Bu hususta önce Mâtürîdî’nin İbn Abbas rivayetleri için hem te’vil hem tefsir ifadesini kullandığını belirtmeliyiz. O tefsirinin genelinde sadece sözü söyleyenin ismini zikrederek senedin geriye kalan kısmını hazfettiği için tefsirinde senedin yer alış biçimi üzerinde durma imkânı yoktur. Rivayetin metin kısmını ise Mâtürîdî bazen olduğu gibi alıntılamakta bazen özetlemekte bazen de başkasına ait sözü zikrettikten sonra İbn Abbas’a ait sözün, aktardığı söze benzediğini söylemekle yetinmektedir. Te’vîlâtü’l-Kur’an’da İbn Abbas’a ait rivayetlerin içeriğine gelince rivayetler, hurûf-ı mukattaa, sebeb-i nüzul, kıraat, nesh gibi Kur’an ilimleri, kelime açıklamaları, ayet yorumları şeklinde sınıflandırılabilir. O ayetin bazen bir kesitini bazen bütününü yorumlamakta, yorumlarını nüzul dönemi veya sonrası olaylar ile ilişkilendirebilmektedir. Çalışmanın ilk kısmı bu çerçevededir. İkinci kısımda ise Mâtürîdî’nin İbn Abbas rivayetlerini ayeti yorumlamada kullanışı ele alınmaktadır. Te’vîlâtü’l-Kur’an’a bu açıdan bakıldığında Mâtürîdî’nin farklı tavırlar sergilediği rahatlıkla görülebilir. Zira o, bir âyetin yorumu için İbn Abbas’ın görüşünü bazen benimsemekte, kendi görüşüne dayanak etmekte, bazen başka rivayet zikretmeksizin onun rivayetiyle yetinmekte, bazen onun rivayetini diğer rivayetler içerisine almakta ancak bunlara ilişkin bir değerlendirme yapmamaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra o bazen İbn Abbas tefsirini tercih etmemekte hatta eleştirmektedir. Mâtürîdî’nin İbn Abbas’ın yaptığı yorumu gereksiz gördüğü yerler de bulunmaktadır. (shrink)

In 2017, Carson and Flood outlined a general duty to be vaccinated, arguing from Catholic social teaching on justice, love, solidarity and the common good. This necessarily relied on assumptions about the typical nature of vaccination, assumptions which do not always hold true in concrete situations. I identify twelve criteria that, where they hold, strengthen the particular duty to be vaccinated, and, if not met, weaken or reverse it. These pertain to the biological agent which vaccination aims to protect against, (...) the vaccine and its supply, the costs and benefits of vaccination to the individual and society, and the alternative courses of action. The two-way relationship between the moral duty to be vaccinated and vaccine mandates is discussed. Individuals and policy-makers need to know these criteria – and be provided the necessary information to evaluate vaccination against them – in order to make a truly rational judgement. (shrink)

Some authors maintain that anti-intellectualism faces a general epistemic problem of explaining the cognitive aspect of know-how, and answering the question of why know-how as a kind of disposition is to be considered a distinct kind of knowledge. In the present paper, I argue for a solution to this problem, the central idea of which is that there is a broader sense of knowledge to which both knowledge-that and knowledge-how belong. I present two versions of this solution. According to the (...) first version, know-how is a distinct kind of knowledge since there is a general analyzable category of knowledge under which both know-how and know-that fall. This general category is analyzed into three components: a success component, an externalist anti-luck component, and an internalist anti-luck component. According to the second version of the solution, know-how is a distinct kind of knowledge since there is an unanalyzable analogical conception of knowledge that comes first in both the theoretical realm (as propositional knowledge) and the practical realm (as know-how). Both versions of the solution are plausible since they distinguish between know-how and knacks in an anti-intellectualist manner by positing that there is an internal relation between know-how and non-propositional intentionality. (shrink)

Objectives: Efficient procedures for obtaining informed (proxy) consent may contribute to high influenza vaccination rates in nursing homes. Yet are such procedures justified? This study’s objective was to gain insight in informed consent policies in Dutch nursing homes; to assess how these may affect influenza vaccination rates and to answer the question whether deviating from standard informed consent procedures could be morally justified. Design: A survey among nursing home physicians. Setting & Participants: We sent a questionnaire to all (356) nursing (...) homes in the Netherlands, to be completed by one of the physicians. Results: We received 245 completed questionnaires. As 21 institutions appeared to be closed or merged into other institutions, the response was 73.1% (245/335). Of all respondents 81.9% reported a vaccination rate above 80%. Almost 50% reported a vaccination rate above 90%. Most respondents considered herd immunity to be an important consideration for institutional policy. Freedom of choice for residents was considered important by almost all. Nevertheless, 106 out of 245 respondents follow a tacit consent procedure, according to which vaccination will be administered unless the resident or her proxy refuses. These institutions show significantly higher vaccination rates (p < 0.03). Conclusions: In our discussion we focus on the question whether tacit consent procedures can be morally justifiable. Such procedures assume that vaccination is good for residents either as individuals or as a group. Even though this assumption may be true for most residents, there are good reasons for preferring express consent procedures. (shrink)

This paper makes a conceptual inquiry into the notion of ‘publics’, and forwards an understanding of this notion that allows more responsible forms of decision-making with regards to technologies that have localized impacts, such as wind parks, hydrogen stations or flood barriers. The outcome of this inquiry is that the acceptability of a decision is to be assessed by a plurality of ‘publics’, including that of a local community. Even though a plurality of ‘publics’ might create competing normative demands, its (...) acknowledgment is necessary to withstand the monopolization of the process of technology appraisal. The paper presents four ways in which such an appropriation of publicness takes place. The creation of dedicated ‘local publics’, in contrast, helps to overcome these problems and allows for more responsible forms of decision-making. We describe ‘local publics’ as those in which stakeholders from the different publics that are related to the process of technology implementation are brought together, and in which concerns and issues from these publics are deliberated upon. The paper will present eight conditions for increasing the effectiveness of such ‘local publics’. (shrink)

A continuoxis t- norm is a continuous map * from [0, 1]² into [0,1] such that is a commutative totally ordered monoid. Since the natural ordering on [0,1] is a complete lattice ordering, each continuous t-norm induces naturally a residuation → and becomes a commutative naturally ordered residuated monoid, also called a hoop. The variety of basic hoops is precisely the variety generated by all algebras, where * is a continuous t-norm. In this paper we investigate the structure of the (...) variety of basic hoops and some of its subvarieties. In particular we provide a complete description of the finite subdirectly irreducible basic hoops, and we show that the variety of basic hoops is generated as a quasivariety by its finite algebras. We extend these results to Hájek's BL-algebras, and we give an alternative proof of the fact that the variety of BL-algebras is generated by all algebras arising from continuous t-norms on [ 0,1] and their residua. The last part of the paper is devoted to the investigation of the subreducts of BL- algebras, of Gödel algebras and of product algebras. (shrink)

Despite its uniform appearance, the cerebellar cortex is highly heterogeneous in terms of structure, genetics and physiology. Purkinje cells (PCs), the principal and sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, can be categorized into multiple populations that differentially express molecular markers and display distinctive physiological features. Such features include action potential rate, but also their propensity for synaptic and intrinsic plasticity. However, the precise molecular and genetic factors that correlate with the differential physiological properties of PCs remain elusive. In this (...) article, we provide a detailed overview of the cellular mechanisms that regulate PC activity and plasticity. We further perform a pathway analysis to highlight how molecular characteristics of specific PC populations may influence their physiology and plasticity mechanisms. (shrink)

Mehdî inancı, İslam toplumunda yayılışından kısa bir süre sonra, kitleleri harekete geçiren bir motivasyon olarak Abbâsî İhtilâli sırasında yeniden ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu sebeple, ihtilâli ele alan birçok çalışmada halkta yaygınlık kazanan bu inançtan nasıl ve ne şekilde istifade edildiği incelenmiştir. Abbâsîler, Mehdî inancı olarak ifade edilen beklenen kurtarıcı inancından, ihtilâl başarıya ulaştıktan sonra da hilafette kendilerine meşruiyet sağlama amacı ile istifade etmişlerdir. Böylece Ahbâru’l-Abbâs adlı, Abbâsîlerin ihtilâlle sonuçlanan mücadelelerinin yarı resmi tarihi olarak sayılan kaynakta da Abbâsîlerin beklenen kurtarıcılar olduğunu vurgulayan (...) birçok rivâyet yer almıştır. Ahbâru’l-Abbâs, Abbâsî İhtilâli hakkında önemli bilgiler sunan ve bu nedenle muhtemelen Abbâsî ailesine yakın biri tarafından yazılmış olduğu tahmin edilen anonim bir el yazmasıdır. Abdülaziz ed-Dûrî ve Abdülcebbâr el-Muttalibî tarafından 1971'de yayımlandıktan sonra, Ahbâru’l-Abbâs veya kısaca Ahbâr olarak tanınmıştır. Bu kaynakta Abbâsîlerin beklenen kurtarıcılar olduğunu vurgulayan birçok rivâyet vardır ancak bu rivâyetler daha çok siyah sancakların ortaya çıkışı ile ilgili anlatımlarla sunulmuştur. Şimdiye kadar eser hakkında veya eserden istifade edilerek yapılan çalışmalarda, rivâyetler çoğunlukla ihtilâlin bilinmeyen yönlerine ışık tutacak şekilde ele alınmıştır, fakat bu rivayetler ile Mehdî inancı arasında doğrudan bir ilişki olduğunu vurgulayan bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Böylece kaynaktaki rivâyetlerin Mehdî inancı açısından ayrıntılı olarak incelenmediği söylenebilir. Çalışmamızla ilgili literatür bakımından üzerinde durulması gereken iki temel konu vardır. Bunlar arasında da en önemlisi şüphesiz ki Ahbâr’dır. Modern dönemde yeni bulunmuş bu kaynak üzerine olan çalışmalar çoğunlukla Abbâsî İhtilâli’ni ele alan çalışmalardır. Son zamanlarda kaynağın tarihyazımı açısından değeri veya sahihliği hakkında da bazı çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Literatürdeki diğer ilgili çalışmalar ise bir asrı aşkın süredir üzerinde detaylı şekilde inceleme yapılan Mehdî inancı ve bunun ihtilâl için önemine odaklanan araştırmalardır. Bu noktada, Gerlof Van Vloten'in kitabı, Mehdî inancına yönelik bazı önemli noktalara değinen ve bunun Abbâsî İhtilâli üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koyan birincil eser olarak kabul edilmektir. Bununla birlikte Van Vloten, el yazması onun çalışmasını kaleme aldığı dönemde (19. yüzyılın sonunda) henüz keşfedilmediği için Ahbâr’a hiç atıfta bulunmamıştır. Bu makale Abbâsî İhtilâli’nde Mehdî (kurtarıcı) inancının siyah sancaklar hakkındaki rivayetler aracılığıyla oluşturulan etkisini tartışmak amacıyla yazılmıştır. Ahbâr’daki ilgili rivayetleri Mehdî inancıyla ilişkilendirerek ortaya koymaktadır. Bu nedenle bu makale için “Siyah Sancaklı Mehdî” başlığı seçilmiştir. Modern tarihçiler, bu inancın İslam toplumunda giderek yaygınlaştığına ve dolayısıyla Abbâsî hareketinde etkili olduğuna inanmaktadırlar; ancak Ahbâr’dan önce ulaşılan kaynaklar bu iddiayı desteklemek için yeterli değildir. Çalışmada öncelikle Mehdî inancı ele alınacak, daha sonra beklenen kurtarıcı inancının Hicrî 2. yüzyıldaki önemi ve Abbâsî İhtilâli ile ilişkisi tartışılacak, son olarak da Mehdî inancının Abbâsî İhtilâli’ndeki etkinliğinin kaynağımıza nasıl yansıdığı incelenecektir. Bu makale, Ahbâru’l-Abbâs adlı kaynakta, Mehdî inancına doğrudan işaret eden rivayetlerin azınlığına karşın, siyah sancakların ele alındığı rivayetlerin fazla olduğunu savunmaktadır. Böylece Abbâsîlerin Mehdî inancından ihtilâlin başarıya ulaşması ve ardından meşrûiyeti sağlamada istifade ettikleri söylenebilir. Ancak bu inanç yalnızca Mehdî inancı değil, bilhassa siyah sancaklı Mehdî inancıdır. (shrink)

With technological possibilities in healthcare steadily increasing, more tools for digital cognitive rehabilitation become available. Acceptance of such technological advances is crucial for successful implementation. Therefore, we examined technology acceptance specifically for this form of rehabilitation in a sample of healthcare providers involved in cognitive rehabilitation. An adjusted version of the Technology Acceptance Model questionnaire was used, including the subscales for perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm, and intention to use, which all contribute to actual use of a (...) specific technology. Results indicate a generally favorable attitude toward the use of digital cognitive rehabilitation and positive responses toward the TAM constructs. Only for subjective norm, a neutral mean response was found, indicating that this could pose a potential obstacle toward implementation. Potential differences between subgroups of different age, gender, and professional background were assessed. Age and gender did not affect the attitude toward digital cognitive rehabilitation. Occupational therapists showed lower scores than healthcare psychologists and physiatrists with regard to perceived usefulness, possibly linked to a difference in operational and managerial tasks. The findings of his study stimulate further implementation of digital cognitive rehabilitation, where the role of subjective norms should be specifically considered. (shrink)

A good understanding of the nature of a property requires knowing whether that property is relational or intrinsic. Gabriel Segal's concern is whether certain psychological properties—specifically, those that make up what might be called the "cognitive content" of psychological states—are relational or intrinsic. He claims that content supervenes on microstructure, that is, if two beings are identical with respect to their microstructural properties, then they must be identical with respect to their cognitive contents. Segal's thesis, a version of internalism, is (...) that being in a state with a specific cognitive content does not essentially involve standing in any real relation to anything external. He uses the fact that content locally supervenes on microstructure to argue for the intrinsicness of content. Cognitive content is fully determined by intrinsic, microstructural properties: duplicate a subject in respect to those properties and you duplicate their cognitive contents. The book, written in a clear, engaging style, contains four chapters. The first two argue against the two leading externalist theories. Chapter 3 rejects popular theories that endorse two kinds of content: "narrow" content, which is locally supervenient, and "broad" content, which is not. Chapter 4 defends a radical alternative version of internalism, arguing that narrow content is a variety of ordinary representation, that is, that narrow content is all there is to content. In defending internalism, Segal does not claim to defend a general philosophical theory of content. At this stage, he suggests, it should suffice to cast reasonable doubt on externalism, to motivate internalism, and to provide reasons to believe that good psychology is, or could be, internalist. (shrink)

In this article, we present results from a literature review of intrinsic, instrumental, and relational values of nature conducted for the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, as part of the Methodological Assessment of the Diverse Values and Valuations of Nature. We identify the most frequently recurring meanings in the heterogeneous use of different value types and their association with worldviews and other key concepts. From frequent uses, we determine a core meaning for each value type, which is (...) sufficiently inclusive to serve as an umbrella over different understandings in the literature and specific enough to help highlight its difference from the other types of values. Finally, we discuss convergences, overlapping areas, and fuzzy boundaries between different value types to facilitate dialogue, reduce misunderstandings, and improve the methods for valuation of nature's contributions to people, including ecosystem services, to inform policy and direct future research. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. (shrink)

This paper presents a qualitative study investigating the application of physiotherapists’ professional ethics in practice with respect to touch, intimacy, and corporeality during therapy, based on the experiences of elderly patients. As the relationship in a physiotherapy session is multidimensional, the study considered three levels: physical contact, verbal contact, and the conditions in which the therapy took place. The aim of this study was to find out what values are of importance to older people during a physiotherapy session, with emphasis (...) on the categories of touch, corporeality, and intimacy. The studied group consisted of sixteen male and female physiotherapy patients aged between sixty-six and ninety-two years. The study was conducted according to the grounded theory methodology. The research material consisted of transcriptions of free targeted interviews, which were subjected to a process of coding and analysis. As a result of data analyses, three superior categories have been identified—safety, anxiety, interpersonal relationship—and three a priori categories stemming from the characteristic features of the study area—touch, corporeality, and intimacy. The a priori categories did not appear independently in statements made by the respondents, but instead seemed to be components of superior categories. The most important values indicated by the respondents concerned the interpersonal relationship with their physiotherapist and the feeling of safety and care. In terms of touch, corporeality, and intimacy, the respondents indicated, among others, the importance of predictability, a sense of security, privacy, and acceptance of the body. (shrink)

In the Phillipps Library at Cheltenham there is a MS. of the Epitome which Professor Thewrewk was unable to use for his edition. No one who knows the difficulties which attend the study of MSS. in this Library will blame him for the omission. The Phillippsianus has the form usual in codices of the Epitome , a quarto volume with two columns to the page, and with each article occupying a separate paragraph and beginning with a fairly large initial letter. (...) It was written by Ellinger , during his previous stay at Altaich, as is shown by the subscription in capital letters which stands at the end of the whole volume, : Abbas indignus ego Ellinger peccator istam glosam scripsi dum essem in Altahensi monasterio Deo sanctoque Quirino. Rogo vos omnes in ea legentes ut oretis pro me. (shrink)